Recomendaciones sobre el uso de oxigenoterapia en situaciones especiales / Recommendations on the Use of Oxygen Therapy in Special Situations

La hipoxemia crónica severa se define por la presencia de una presión parcial de oxígeno arterial inferior a 60 mmHg. La oxigenoterapia, es decir el uso terapéutico del oxígeno, consiste en su administración a concentraciones mayores de las que se encuentran en el aire ambiente, con la intención de tratar o prevenir las manifestaciones de la hipoxia. Cuando se prescribe y se usa correctamente, ha demostrado que mejora la sobrevida en pacientes con EPOC e hipoxemia. Ha sido establecido que la oxigenoterapia a largo plazo representa el único tratamiento que mejora la evolución de pacientes con EPOC en etapa avanzada. En particular, dos estudios clave, el NOTT (Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial) y el MRC (British Medical Research Council) hace más de 30 años han demostrado que la oxigenoterapia usada más de 15 horas por día, mejora la sobrevida de pacientes con EPOC severo más hipoxemia en reposo. A pesar de que este concepto se ha extendido por analogía a la insuficiencia respiratoria crónica originada por otras enfermedades respiratorias y no respiratorias, la eficacia de la oxigenoterapia continua no está demostrada claramente en otras entidades. Considerando que el 25% de las prescripciones de oxigenoterapia en nuestro medio no corresponden a pacientes con EPOC e hipoxemia, la Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria encomendó a un grupo de médicos neumonólogos argentinos la elaboración de la presente normativa, redactada a modo de guía sencilla, sobre el uso de la oxigeno-terapia en “situaciones especiales”, basada en nivel de evidencia por el sistema Grade.

The severe chronic hypoxemia is defined as an arterial partial oxygen pressure measuring less than 60 mmHg. Oxygen therapy is defined as the therapeutic use of oxygen; it consists in oxygen administration at higher concentrations than room air concentrations, to prevent or treat hypoxia. The right use of oxygen therapy has clearly shown to improve survival in hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. It is well known that long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is the only treatment that has been proved to improve the late course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Specially, two landmark studies, the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT) and the British Medical Research Council (MRC) study conducted in the late 1970s have clearly demonstrated that LTOT (when used for more than 15hours/day) improves survival rates in patients with severe COPD associated with hypoxemia at rest. Although this concept has been extended by analogy to chronic respiratory failure caused by respiratory and non-respiratory diseases, continuous oxygen therapy has not been shown to be equally effective in other disorders. Because of 25% of patients who receive oxygen therapy do not have COPD with hypoxemia, the Argentine Association of Respiratory Medicine established a task force of pneumonologists to recommend guidelines about oxygen therapy in “special situations”, based on the level of evidence of the Grades System.

Últimos registros y recomendaciones de trasplante pulmonar en enfisema / Latest records and recommendations of lung transplantation in emphysema

En 1997, se publicó en Argentina por primera vez la experiencia de trasplante (Tx) pulmonar en 7 pacientes con enfisema. Recientemente se publicaron los resultados del programa de Tx pulmonar de la Fundación Favaloro en 84 pacientes con enfisema avanzado, realizados entre los años 1994 y 2012

Caso: Lesión pulmonar cavitada en paciente con diagnóstico de HIV / Case: Cavitated lung injury in Patient with a diagnosis of HIV

Paciente de sexo masculino de 62 años de edad. Motivo de consulta: disnea progresiva de 5 días de evolución; clase funcional I a III sin otros síntomas. Presenta antecedentes personales patológicos de HIV de 8 años de evolución sin tratamiento antirretroviral por tener carga viral baja y recuento normal de CD4; insuficiencia renal crónica secundaria a nefritis túbulo intersticial asociada al consumo de AINES por lumbalgia. El paciente es tabaquista activo con un índice de 15 paquetes/año

[Argentine consensus of non-invasive ventilation]. / Consenso argentino de ventilación no invasiva.

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is nowadays increasingly used. The significant decrease in tracheal intubation related complications makes it particularly attractive in patients with moderately acute respiratory failure (ARF) who still have some degree of respiratory autonomy. It has also been used to support patients with chronic respiratory failure. However, final outcomes are variable according to the conditions which determined its application. This Consensus was performed in order to review the evidence supporting the use of positive pressure NIV. The patho-physiological background of NIV and the equipment required technology are described. Available evidence clearly suggests benefits of NIV in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Recommendation A). When considering ARF in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome results are uncertain, unless dealing with immunosupressed patients (Recommendation B). Positive results are also shown in weaning of mechanical ventilation (MV), particularly regarding acute exacerbation of COPD patients (Recommendation A). An improved quality of life in chronic respiratory failure and a longer survival in restrictive disorders has also been shown (Recommendation B) while its benefit in stable COPD patients is still controversial (Recommendation C). NIV should be performed according to pre-established standards. A revision of NIV related complications is performed and the cost-benefit comparison with invasive MV is also considered.

Consenso argentino de ventilación no invasiva. / [Argentine consensus of non-invasive ventilation]

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is nowadays increasingly used. The significant decrease in tracheal intubation related complications makes it particularly attractive in patients with moderately acute respiratory failure (ARF) who still have some degree of respiratory autonomy. It has also been used to support patients with chronic respiratory failure. However, final outcomes are variable according to the conditions which determined its application. This Consensus was performed in order to review the evidence supporting the use of positive pressure NIV. The patho-physiological background of NIV and the equipment required technology are described. Available evidence clearly suggests benefits of NIV in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and in cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Recommendation A). When considering ARF in the setting of acute respiratory distress syndrome results are uncertain, unless dealing with immunosupressed patients (Recommendation B). Positive results are also shown in weaning of mechanical ventilation (MV), particularly regarding acute exacerbation of COPD patients (Recommendation A). An improved quality of life in chronic respiratory failure and a longer survival in restrictive disorders has also been shown (Recommendation B) while its benefit in stable COPD patients is still controversial (Recommendation C). NIV should be performed according to pre-established standards. A revision of NIV related complications is performed and the cost-benefit comparison with invasive MV is also considered.